Table 2 Connection of the 13 protein panel to cancer

TCEAL4

Transcription elongation factor A (SII) like 4 (TCEAL4) is down-regulated in anaplastic thyroid cancer.

[34]

AZGP1

Stimulates lipid degradation. AZGP1 is a tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer inducing mesenchymal-to-epithelial (MET) transdifferentiation by inhibiting TGF-β-mediated ERK signaling. The percentage of IHC positive stained cells in (Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia) PanIN lesions, primary and metastatic PDAC, gradually decreases from 48 to 26 and 5%, respectively.

[35]

More malignant breast tumors showed downregulated AZGP1 mRNA.

[36]

Low AZGP1 expression, by IHC, was associated with clinical recurrence in prostate cancer.

[37]

S100A10

S100A10 was down-regulated in breast cancer, irrespective of pathological stage.

[38]

Complex with AnnexinA2 and AHNAK and E-cadherin at the plasma membrane.

[26,27]

S100A10 is required for recruitment of macrophages to tumor sites and tumor growth.

[39]

ALDH6A1

Catalyzes the irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of malonate and methylmalonate semialdehydes to acetyl- and propionyl-CoA. Decreased expression with increasing grade in kidney cancer.

[40]

AHNAK

Associates with S100A10 and E-cadherin at the plasma membrane.

[26]

FBP1

Converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate in gluconeogenesis. Antagonize glycolysis. Downregulated through NF-kappaB pathway in Ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells. Restoration of FBP1 expression suppressed anchorage-independent growth.

[41]

Loss of FBP1 by Snail-G9a-Dnmt1 complex increase glucose uptake, glycolysis and induce a cancer stem cell like characteristics.

[31]

S100A4

Involved in regulation of angiogenesis, cell survival, motility, and invasion. EMT marker.

[28,42,43]

Staining for S100A4 is associated with poorer survival in BC.

[44]

HSP90AB1

High levels of HSP90AB1 correlates with poor prognosis in HER2-/ER+ BC.

[45]

GFPT1

Rate-limiting enzyme of hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP).

[29]

IHC analysis indicated elevated GlcNAcylation levels in breast tumor tissue as compared to adjacent tissue. GlcNAcylation was significantly enhanced in metastatic lymph nodes compared with their corresponding primary tumor tissues.

[30]

BC cells upregulate HBP, including increased O-GlcNAcation and elevated expression of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which is the enzyme catalyzing the addition of O-GlcNAc to proteins.

[46]

PDXK

Required for synthesis of pyridoxal-5-phosphate from vitamin B6. pyridoxal-5-phosphate is a prosthetic group of some enzymes.

RAB21

Overexpression stimulates cell migration. Small GTPase Rab21 regulates cell adhesion and controls endosomal traffic of β1-integrins.

[47]

Rab21 is required for Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to promote the invasion of cancer cells. RAB21 enables the accumulation of integrin a5 at the plasma membrane and subsequent force-mediated matrix remodelling.

[48]

MX1

Stable exogenous MX1 expression inhibited in vitro motility and invasiveness of human prostate carcinoma cell line PC-3 M.

[49]

Upregulated in a mammary carcinoma xenograft model of tamoxifen resistance.

[23]

Upregulated in a fulvestrant-resistant cell line T47D-r on the mRNA and protein level compared to T47D.

[24]

CAPS

High expression gives bad prognosis in endometrial cancer.

[21]

Over-expressed in ovarian cancer.

[50]

Upregulated 30× in MCF7 ErbB2 compared to MCF7.

[51]

Phosphorylation substrate for protein kinase A.

[11,52]