Protein | Connection to cancer | References |
---|---|---|
TCEAL4 | Transcription elongation factor A (SII) like 4 (TCEAL4) is down-regulated in anaplastic thyroid cancer. | [34] |
AZGP1 | Stimulates lipid degradation. AZGP1 is a tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer inducing mesenchymal-to-epithelial (MET) transdifferentiation by inhibiting TGF-β-mediated ERK signaling. The percentage of IHC positive stained cells in (Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia) PanIN lesions, primary and metastatic PDAC, gradually decreases from 48 to 26 and 5%, respectively. | [35] |
More malignant breast tumors showed downregulated AZGP1 mRNA. | [36] | |
Low AZGP1 expression, by IHC, was associated with clinical recurrence in prostate cancer. | [37] | |
S100A10 | S100A10 was down-regulated in breast cancer, irrespective of pathological stage. | [38] |
Complex with AnnexinA2 and AHNAK and E-cadherin at the plasma membrane. | ||
S100A10 is required for recruitment of macrophages to tumor sites and tumor growth. | [39] | |
ALDH6A1 | Catalyzes the irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of malonate and methylmalonate semialdehydes to acetyl- and propionyl-CoA. Decreased expression with increasing grade in kidney cancer. | [40] |
AHNAK | Associates with S100A10 and E-cadherin at the plasma membrane. | [26] |
FBP1 | Converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate in gluconeogenesis. Antagonize glycolysis. Downregulated through NF-kappaB pathway in Ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells. Restoration of FBP1 expression suppressed anchorage-independent growth. | [41] |
Loss of FBP1 by Snail-G9a-Dnmt1 complex increase glucose uptake, glycolysis and induce a cancer stem cell like characteristics. | [31] | |
S100A4 | Involved in regulation of angiogenesis, cell survival, motility, and invasion. EMT marker. | |
Staining for S100A4 is associated with poorer survival in BC. | [44] | |
HSP90AB1 | High levels of HSP90AB1 correlates with poor prognosis in HER2-/ER+ BC. | [45] |
GFPT1 | Rate-limiting enzyme of hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). | [29] |
IHC analysis indicated elevated GlcNAcylation levels in breast tumor tissue as compared to adjacent tissue. GlcNAcylation was significantly enhanced in metastatic lymph nodes compared with their corresponding primary tumor tissues. | [30] | |
BC cells upregulate HBP, including increased O-GlcNAcation and elevated expression of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which is the enzyme catalyzing the addition of O-GlcNAc to proteins. | [46] | |
PDXK | Required for synthesis of pyridoxal-5-phosphate from vitamin B6. pyridoxal-5-phosphate is a prosthetic group of some enzymes. | |
RAB21 | Overexpression stimulates cell migration. Small GTPase Rab21 regulates cell adhesion and controls endosomal traffic of β1-integrins. | [47] |
Rab21 is required for Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to promote the invasion of cancer cells. RAB21 enables the accumulation of integrin a5 at the plasma membrane and subsequent force-mediated matrix remodelling. | [48] | |
MX1 | Stable exogenous MX1 expression inhibited in vitro motility and invasiveness of human prostate carcinoma cell line PC-3 M. | [49] |
Upregulated in a mammary carcinoma xenograft model of tamoxifen resistance. | [23] | |
Upregulated in a fulvestrant-resistant cell line T47D-r on the mRNA and protein level compared to T47D. | [24] | |
CAPS | High expression gives bad prognosis in endometrial cancer. | [21] |
Over-expressed in ovarian cancer. | [50] | |
Upregulated 30× in MCF7 ErbB2 compared to MCF7. | [51] | |
Phosphorylation substrate for protein kinase A. |