Table 4 Biological function of markers identified through mass spectroscopy that were selected for further validation
Gene name | Protein name | Protein ID (UniProtKB) | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
CEA (CEACAM5) | Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 | P06731 | Oncofetal glycoprotein not typically detected in adults. Plays role in cell adhesion and intracellular signaling [70, 71]. |
MDK | Midkine | P21741 | Heparin binding cytokine promotes cellular transformation, angiogenesis and metastasis [47, 48]. |
MMP2 | 72 kDa type IV collagenase (Matrix metalloproteinase-2) | P08253 | Degrades extracellular matrix, associated with tissue invasion, cell-induced angiogenesis and tumor growth and metastasis [59–61]. |
SLPI | Antileukoproteinase (Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor) | P03973 | Protects epithelial cells from serine proteases, promotes tumorigenic and metastatic pathways [54–57]. |
TFPI | Tissue factor pathway inhibitor | P10646 | Serine protease inhibitor involved in clotting homeostasis [72]. |
TIMP1 | Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 | P01033 | Inactivates metalloproteinases by binding to zinc cofactor. Promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis [50, 51]. |