Table 1 DMD serum protein biomarkers are tied to specific pathobiochemical pathways
From: Clinical utility of serum biomarkers in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Group | Sub-group | Pathobiochemical pathway |
|---|---|---|
Skeletal muscle enriched proteins (n = 21) | Myofibrilar proteins Glycolytic enzymes Ca2+ regulating proteins Transport proteins Other muscle enzymes | Membrane instability, leakage High levels in young DMD but then decreased with age. Unchanged in controls |
Proteins involved in connective tissue remodeling (n = 14) | Cell adhesion proteins, connective tissue, proteases | Maintenance of extracellular matrix integrity All decreased in DMD versus controls |
Inflammatory and immune system (n = 18) | Interleukins cytokine, chemokine | Inflammation and innate pathway Some increase with age in DMD Some decrease with age in DMD |
Developmental processes (n = 6) | Cell differentiation Cell proliferation | Muscle regeneration Decreased with age in DMD while increased with age in controls |