Table 1 The characteristics of the study samples and excluded individuals
Never smokers (n = 1725) | Long-term former smokers (n = 782) | Excluded current smokers (n = 1088) | |
|---|---|---|---|
B-Cd (µg/L) mean (SD)/median | 0.23 (0.16)/0.20 | 0.23 (0.16)/0.20 | 1.04 (0.71)/0.90 |
Age (years) | 58.0 (5.8) | 58.1 (5.9) | 56.2 (5.8) |
Sex (male, n, %) | 497 (28.8) | 399 (51.1) | 440 (40.4) |
Diabetes mellitus [n (%)] | 113 (6.6) | 67 (8.6) | 74 (6.8) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 (3.9) | 26.0 (3.8) | 24.8 (3.9) |
LDL (mmol/L) | 4.21 (0.98) | 4.12 (0.95) | 4.18 (0.99) |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.43 (0.37) | 1.39 (0.37) | 1.36 (0.37) |
hsCRP (mg/L)a | 1.20 (0.6–2.4) | 1.20 (0.6–2.3) | 1.60 (0.8–3.4) |
Anemic status (n, %) | 45 (2.6) | 20 (2.6) | 20 (1.8) |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 141 (18.5) | 141 (17.7) | 138 (19.1) |
Low education [n (%)] | 765 (44.3) | 374 (42.9) | 517 (47.6) |
Dietary intake of fiber (g/day)a | 20.4 (16.6–25.0) | 21.4 (17.0–26.3) | 18.6 (14.7–23.6) |