Table 4 Functional roles attributed to proteins differentially expressed between AD and NDC
Protein name | Modulation | Function |
|---|---|---|
Collagen α1(I) chain | ↑ | Tissue remodeling processes |
14-3-3 zeta | ↑ | A potent inhibitor of protein kinase C. CSF marker of brain injury/neurodegeneration |
Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40) | ↑ | Matrix protein thought to be secreted during the acute stages of inflammation. Possible serologic marker of neutrophil function at the site of acute tissue inflammation |
Superoxide dismutase | ↑ | Main defense against superoxide produced during the course of respiration in mitochondria. |
Osteopontin | ↑ | Pro-adhesive, chemotactic, and cytokine-like properties. Involved in a number of physiologic and pathologic events including angiogenesis, apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, remyelination, wound healing, bone remodeling, cell migration, and tumorigenesis |
Collagen α2(I) chain | ↑ | Tissue remodeling processes |
Vitamin K-dependent protein S | ↓ | Mainly synthesized in hepatocytes and endothelial cells, plays a critical role in the anticoagulant activity of plasma |
Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase | Cysteine peptidase, catalyzes the hydrolysis of poly-gamma-glutamate derivatives of folate cofactors | |
Brain acid soluble protein 1 | ↑ | Growth and guidance of neuron axons |
Tetranectin | ↑ | A glycoprotein thought to play a prominent role in tissue remodeling: role in the regulation of proteolytic processes via its binding to plasminogen and indirect activation of plasminogen |
Semaphorin7A | ↑ | Axon guidance factor that assist growing axons in finding appropriate targets and forming synapses. Initiates T cell-mediated inflammatory responses |
Calsyntenin-1 | ↑ | A proteolytically processed protein of the post synaptic membrane. Modulator of post synaptic intracellular Ca2+ by extracellular proteolysis |
Triosephosphate isomerase | ↑ | Adjusts the rapid equilibrium between dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate produced by aldolase in glycolysis |
Myelin–oligodendrocyte glycoprotein | ↑ | Myelin-specific protein of the CNS. Autoantigen capable to produce a demyelinating multiple sclerosis-like disease in experimental animals. Present in the major dense line of CNS myelin suggesting a role in the compaction or stabilization of myelin |
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 | ↓ | Regulates ApoE and cholesterol levels within the CNS |
Placental thrombin inhibitor | ↓ | Coagulation inhibitor |
N-Acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase precursor | ↓ | May play a scavenger role by digesting biologically active PGN into biologically inactive fragments |
N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-l-asparaginase | ↓ | Innate immunity |
Carbonic anhydrase-related protein 2 | ↑ | Abundant in the brain with moderate expression also present in spinal cord. Novel binding protein for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1, modulates Ca(2+) signaling |
Guanine deaminase | ↑ | Dentrite branching (synaptic transmission) |
Spectrin α chain | ↓ | Major component of neuronal cytoskeletal proteins |
N-CAM 140 | ↑ | Plays important roles in neural migration, synaptogenesis and CNS development |
Malate dehydrogenase | ↑ | Enzyme in the citric acid cycle that catalyzes the conversion of malate into oxaloacetate (using NAD+) and vice versa |
Neurexophilin-1 | ↓ | Neurexophilins are secreted peptides that are processed proteolytically and that bind extracellularly alpha-neurexins. Possible role in synaptic transmission |