Fig. 2

Comparison and analysis of differentially expressed proteins between the experimental group and control group. A Distribution of the ratios of protein abundance between the experimental group and control group. EXP: The experimental group with sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) ≥ 30%; CON: The control group with sperm DFI < 30%. If a log-transformed value of the fold change with base 2 is greater than 0, it indicates that the levels of differentially expressed proteins are upregulated. Conversely, the levels of differentially expressed proteins are downregulated. B Volcano plot of differentially expressed proteins between the experimental group and control group. The red and blue dots on both sides of the volcano plot represent significantly upregulated and downregulated proteins, respectively. C Hierarchical clustering heatmap of differentially expressed proteins between the experimental group and control group. EXP: The experimental group with sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) ≥ 30%; CON: The control group with sperm DFI < 30%. Rows represent protein clustering, and columns represent sample clustering. D Statistical chart of the annotation results for different functions of all quantitative proteins. GO: Gene Ontology; COG: Clusters of Orthologous Groups; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes