Fig. 1

Volcano plots of mean differences and P-values for the association between individual plasma proteins and 3 diet comparisons: (A) protein-rich vs. carbohydrate-rich (reference), (B) unsaturated fat-rich vs. carbohydrate-rich (reference), and (C) protein-rich vs. unsaturated fat-rich dietary patterns (reference). The dashed horizontal line represents the Bonferroni-adjusted threshold (0.05/4,958/3 diet comparisons = 3.36 × 10^− 6) and the vertical dashed line is set at a mean difference of zero. Proteins located to the right of the vertical line indicates that the abundance of proteins were higher than the reference diet, and proteins located to the left of the vertical line indicates that the abundance of proteins were lower than the reference diet. Data points which are colored in red and are labeled represent the proteins that significantly mediate the association between each diet comparison and lipoproteins (Table 3; Table 4). AFM, afamin; APOM, apolipoprotein M, CAMP, cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide; CHI3L1, chitinase-3-like protein 1; COL6A3, collagen alpha-3(VI) chain; COPS7B, COP9 signalosome complex subunit 7b; GBP2, guanylate-binding protein 2; INHBA, inhibin beta A chain; NOTUM, palmitoleoyl-protein carboxylesterase NOTUM; ref, reference; SLC5A8, sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1